In 1983, a single software application transformed the personal computer from a corporate novelty into an indispensable business necessity. That application was Lotus 1-2-3. Created by Mitch Kapor and Jonathan Sachs, Lotus 1-2-3 became the ultimate “killer app”—the single piece of software that convinced thousands of companies to spend millions of dollars buying IBM PCs. Written in raw, lightning-fast assembly language, it combined spreadsheets, business graphics, and basic database management into one seamless, blazingly fast system that left early rivals like VisiCalc in the dust.
For nearly a decade, Lotus Development Corporation was the undisputed king of personal computing software. But as the industry shifted away from text-based MS-DOS toward graphical user interfaces, Lotus made a catastrophic strategic misstep. By delaying a dedicated Windows version and betting heavily on IBM’s OS/2, Lotus handed Microsoft Excel the ultimate window of opportunity. Once Microsoft bundled Exc…
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